珠海淇澳岛红树林蟹类区系

2008年7月—2010年9月,对珠海淇澳岛红树林不同生境和不同植被群落的蟹类进行了调查,共采集到蟹类8科24种,其中相手蟹科Sesarmidae种类最多,为9种;弓蟹科Varunidae次之,为5种,沙蟹科Ocypodidae 4种。Jaccard区系相似性指数表明,林内泥滩与林外硬质泥滩蟹类区系为中等相似（J=0.523）,林外硬质泥滩与高潮区光滩蟹类区系（J=0.071）及林内泥滩与高潮区光滩蟹类区系（J=0）都极不相似。林内泥滩蟹类中,谭氏泥蟹（Ilyoplax deschampsi）在数量上占绝对优势。无齿螳臂相手蟹（Chiromantes dehaani）、中华中相手蟹（Sesarmops sinensis）和弧边招潮蟹（Uca arcuata）等在红树林外道路两侧和堤坝较硬质泥滩数量较多,而林外高潮区光滩的蟹类都是耐干旱和奔跑能力较强的种类。天然秋茄（Kandelia candel）群落蟹类种类数和平均密度较人工引种的无瓣海桑（Sonneratia apetala）群落的少,但平均生物量较无瓣海桑群落高。秋茄群落蟹类密度和生物量与土壤全氮、全磷、有机质等理化因子都呈不显著相关;无瓣海桑群落土壤速效磷与蟹类生物量呈极显著正相关,与蟹类密度呈显著正相关;全磷与蟹类密度呈显著负相关。红树林土壤类型和新生蟹类补充进种群是影响珠海淇澳岛红树林蟹类密度和生物量变化的主要原因。     

广西北海涠洲岛春季大气颗粒物浓度特征及影响因素

为了解我国北部湾区域大气环境特征和可能的跨界输送,于2015年3~4月在涠洲岛开展了对大气颗粒物浓度水平和粒径分布特征的外场观测研究,并结合气象因子和后向轨迹探讨了颗粒物浓度变化原因和来源.结果表明涠洲岛大气PM_1、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)质量浓度分别为(21±12)、(35±19)、(43±20)μg·m~(-3).PM1、PM_(1~2.5)和PM_(2.5~10)质量浓度分别占PM10的50%、32%、18%.0.5~1、1~2.5和2.5~20μm粒径段颗粒物数浓度分别占总数浓度的93.5%、6.1%和0.4%.颗粒物数浓度与能见度和气压呈弱负相关.后向轨迹模拟分析发现,来自涠洲岛西南方向东南亚一带的气团影响频率最高(45.9%),0.5~1μm、1~2.5μm数浓度和PM_(2.5)浓度最低但NO浓度最高;其次为来自正东方向气团(34.1%),SO2浓度最低但O3浓度最高;来自正南方向的气团(12.5%)NO2、NOx、O3和CO浓度最低;来自东北方向的大陆气团影响频率最低(7.4%),但颗粒物数浓度、质量浓度和气体污染物浓度(除O3和NO)最高.涠洲岛大气细颗粒物和气态污染物主要受大陆和东南亚地区输送影响,来自大陆方向的输送以工业污染为主,来自东南亚方向的输送以港口船舶及航运污染为主.     

海南岛北部海湾沉积物重金属来源、分布主控因素及生态风险评价

基于海南岛北部海口湾、铺前湾、东寨港和木兰湾海域159站位表层沉积物地球化学测试分析,查明沉积物中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn分布特征.运用数理统计方法研究重金属来源并明确其分布主控因素,建立主控因素与重金属含量间定性或半定量关系.评价各重金属元素及其总体污染状况和潜在生态风险.结果表明,研究区海域沉积物重金属中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn含量平均值分别为8.40、0.06、32.50、8.32、0.02、18.77和35.87μg·g-1.Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn含量高值区主要分布于近岸河流入海口及港湾内部,As由南向北其含量逐渐增加,Cd主要聚集于海口湾内.沉积物中Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb、Cr和Cd主要来自陆源输入,包括人为污染和母岩风化产物运移两方面因素,As或有海外物质来源.沉积物中Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb和Cr含量分布主控因素为沉积物粒度,即沉积物粒度越细,其所吸附并积累重金属含量越高;As高含量主要受控于自然地质背景;Cd含量分布则反映了城市发展进程对地区污染差异性影响.所调查159站位表层沉积物中As、Cr分别有3站位和6站位属Ⅱ类海洋沉积物,污染程度中等,其余各站位及重金属元素含量均为Ⅰ类沉积物,污染程度低,单因子污染影响程度依次为AsCrPbZnCuCdHg.沉积物重金属总体为低程度污染,总体潜在生态风险低,研究区海域底质生态环境优良.各重金属元素潜在生态危害程度低,生态危害影响依次为AsHgCdPbCuCrZn,As是最主要的生态风险因子.     

基于资源环境保护的清澜港红树林海岸塑料污染特征

红树林是海洋底栖生物的栖息产卵地和生物基因库,是阻挡陆源污染物入海的生物防线。塑料污染可对海洋生物造成机械伤害、毒理作用,威胁红树林生态系统的健康与稳定。通过野外踏勘和海上作业,在海南岛清澜港红树林海岸采集大塑料垃圾和海水、沉积物、底栖生物样品,采用目视鉴别和体视显微镜、显微傅里叶红外光谱仪鉴定分析研究区资源环境的塑料污染特征及来源。结果表明：大塑料垃圾主要来自于塑料袋和泡沫等生活与渔业垃圾;微塑料有碎片、纤维、线状、薄膜、颗粒和球形六种形态,多为大塑料经日晒和海水动力作用形成的碎片,人造纤维占比最高,为37.91%。研究可为红树林海岸塑料污染管控与综合治理提供决策依据,以实现红树林海岸资源环境有效保护。     

长三角背景点夏季大气PM2.5中正构烷烃和多环芳烃的污染特征和来源解析

为探讨长三角背景点有机气溶胶的污染特征和来源,于2018年夏季在崇明岛进行了为期3个月的PM_(2.5)样品昼夜采集,使用气相色谱-质谱技术分析其中正构烷烃(normal alkanes,n-alkanes)和多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的质量浓度和分子组成,并结合后向轨迹和正交矩阵(positive matrix factorization,PMF)解析其来源.结果表明,观测期间崇明岛PM_(2.5)的质量浓度为(33±21)μg·m~(-3),低于国家空气质量一级标准(GB3095-2012,35μg·m~(-3)),但仍有部分时段污染较重,超标率为35%.其中n-alkanes和PAHs的浓度均值分别为(26±44) ng·m~(-3)和(0. 76±1. 0) ng·m~(-3),污染期(PM_(2.5)≥35μg·m~(-3))比清洁期(PM_(2.5)15μg·m~(-3))高出一个数量级,二者在污染期均呈昼低夜高趋势,而清洁期PAHs昼夜无显著差异,n-alkanes呈现白天大于晚上的特征.分子组成、特征比值及相关性分析显示:PM_(2.5)中67%的n-alkanes来源于化石燃料燃烧,其余为植物排放,PAHs则主要来自化石燃料和生物质燃烧.后向轨迹及PMF的分析结果进一步显示:污染期PAHs主要来自内陆、沿海及长三角地区的机动车与工业排放,贡献了51%,而清洁期受海洋气团控制,PAHs主要来源于船舶排放,贡献了45%,高于燃煤和机动车排放的贡献之和(38%).     

Sustainable development as a policy guide: an application to affordable housing in island communities

This article uses sustainability as a lens through which to examine affordable housing policies in geographically-isolated island communities, with the intent of assessing the utility of using sustainable development as a guide to policy decision-making. Focusing on the case of Key West, Florida, the article points to the conflicts that must be reconciled to achieve true sustainability. The study applies criteria to identify policy solutions for the provision and retention of affordable housing in island communities, and at the same time provides an application of the sustainable development concept as a policy guide. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

崇明岛生态保护与生态补偿分析

以崇明岛为研究对象,通过与上海整体水平的比较,分析了岛域的社会经济状况和生态环境特点,并采用生态足迹模型分析了崇明岛的生态承载力及其对上海城市发展的生态支持作用。在此基础上,从内部机制和外部机制两个方面提出了对崇明岛生态保护进行生态补偿的对策措施。     

长春市热岛效应的时空演变研究

以长春市为例,借助1988年9月25日,1995年9月29日和2000年9月18日三个时相的TM/ETM+遥感影像,研究长春市近12年热岛效应的时空演化规律。研究发现:长春市热岛效应明显且多年稳定存在,热岛中心主要分布在宽城区南部、二道区北部伊通河两岸和绿园区西南部;绿园区西南部和宽城区西北部强热岛区面积呈逐年增加态势,二道区北部伊通河两岸热状况有所改善;从1998年到1995年和从1995年到2000年,热岛面积分别增加约9.32 km2和14.93km2,增长速度加快。     

海南岛西部非农用地土壤中的稀土元素地球化学特征

对海南岛西部发育典型的12个非农业土壤剖面REE的组成特征及其纵向变化规律进行研究发现,区内非农业土壤剖面不同层位之间的稀土元素具有一定的继承性,风化成土的基岩奠定了土壤中稀土元素的初始含量及土壤中呈现的LREE富集与Eu亏损的特点,而成土过程中稀土元素分异作用则进一步加剧土壤中LREE的富集和Eu亏损,土壤剖面浅部的氧化和水解作用致使Ce在浅层土壤中的富集,并导致由剖面深部至浅部,Ce呈现出正异常增大之趋势。区内稀土元素的赋存状态与稀土元素性质及其所处的土壤地球化学环境有密切联系,同一层中不同形态稀土元素含量总体上表现为残渣态>Fe-Mn结合态>有机态>可交换态(含水溶态)>碳酸盐态,而往土壤深部,残渣态所占比例逐步增大,Fe-Mn结合态、有机态与可交换态(含水溶态)所占比例逐步降低。     

A western gray whale mitigation and monitoring program for a 3-D seismic survey, Sakhalin Island, Russia

The introduction of anthropogenic sounds into the marine environment can impact some marine mammals. Impacts can be greatly reduced if appropriate mitigation measures and monitoring are implemented. This paper concerns such measures undertaken by Exxon Neftegas Limited, as operator of the Sakhalin-1 Consortium, during the Odoptu 3-D seismic survey conducted during 17 August–9 September 2001. The key environmental issue was protection of the critically endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), which feeds in summer and fall primarily in the Piltun feeding area off northeast Sakhalin Island. Existing mitigation and monitoring practices for seismic surveys in other jurisdictions were evaluated to identify best practices for reducing impacts on feeding activity by western gray whales. Two buffer zones were established to protect whales from physical injury or undue disturbance during feeding. A 1 km buffer protected all whales from exposure to levels of sound energy potentially capable of producing physical injury. A 4–5 km buffer was established to avoid displacing western gray whales from feeding areas. Trained Marine Mammal Observers (MMOs) on the seismic ship Nordic Explorer had the authority to shut down the air guns if whales were sighted within these buffers. Additional mitigation measures were also incorporated: Temporal mitigation was provided by rescheduling the program from June–August to August–September to avoid interference with spring arrival of migrating gray whales. The survey area was reduced by 19% to avoid certain waters <20 m deep where feeding whales concentrated and where seismic acquisition was a lower priority. The number of air guns and total volume of the air guns were reduced by about half (from 28 to 14 air guns and from 3,390 in³ to 1,640 in³) relative to initial plans. “Ramp-up” (=“soft-start”) procedures were implemented. Monitoring activities were conducted as needed to implement some mitigation measures, and to assess residual impacts. Aerial and vessel-based surveys determined the distribution of whales before, during and after the seismic survey. Daily aerial reconnaissance helped verify whale-free areas and select the sequence of seismic lines to be surveyed. A scout vessel with MMOs aboard was positioned 4 km shoreward of the active seismic vessel to provide better visual coverage of the 4–5 km buffer and to help define the inshore edge of the 4–5 km buffer. A second scout vessel remained near the seismic vessel. Shore-based observers determined whale numbers, distribution, and behavior during and after the seismic survey. Acoustic monitoring documented received sound levels near and in the main whale feeding area. Statistical analyses of aerial survey data indicated that about 5–10 gray whales moved away from waters near (inshore of) the seismic survey during seismic operations. They shifted into the core gray whale feeding area farther south, and the proportion of gray whales observed feeding did not change over the study period. Five shutdowns of the air guns were invoked for gray whales seen within or near the buffer. A previously unknown gray whale feeding area (the Offshore feeding area) was discovered south and offshore from the nearshore Piltun feeding area. The Offshore area has subsequently been shown to be used by feeding gray whales during several years when no anthropogenic activity occurred near the Piltun feeding area. Shore-based counts indicated that whales continued to feed inshore of the Odoptu block throughout the seismic survey, with no significant correlation between gray whale abundance and seismic activity. Average values of most behavioral parameters were similar to those without seismic surveys. Univariate analysis showed no correlation between seismic sound levels and any behavioral parameter. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, after allowance for environmental covariates, 5 of 11 behavioral parameters were statistically correlated with estimated seismic survey-related variables; 6 of 11 behavioral parameters were not statistically correlated with seismic survey-related variables. Behavioral parameters that were correlated with seismic variables were transient and within the range of variation attributable to environmental effects. Acoustic monitoring determined that the 4–5 km buffer zone, in conjunction with reduction of the air gun array to 14 guns and 1,640 in³, was effective in limiting sound exposure. Within the Piltun feeding area, these mitigation measures were designed to insure that western gray whales were not exposed to received levels exceeding the 163 dB re 1 μPa (rms) threshold. This was among the most complex and intensive mitigation programs ever conducted for any marine mammal. It provided valuable new information about underwater sounds and gray whale responses during a nearshore seismic program that will be useful in planning future work. Overall, the efforts in 2001 were successful in reducing impacts to levels tolerable by western gray whales. Research in 2002–2005 suggested no biologically significant or population-level impacts of the 2001 seismic survey. M. W. Newcomer is deceased.